So you only need four color's to color a map? What if all the localaties met at a single point? See the attached diagram. Lets a ssume the lines are perfect and borders intersect at a single point. Would that mean that more than 4 colors are needed?
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So you only need four color's to color a map? What if all the localaties met at a single point? See the attached diagram. Lets a ssume the lines are perfect and borders intersect at a single point. Would that mean that more than 4 colors are needed?
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Wikipedia: Four color theorem
The four color theorem states that any plane separated into regions, such as a political map of the counties of a state, can be colored using no more than four colors in such a way that no two adjacent regions receive the same color. Two regions are called adjacent if they share a border segment, not just a point.
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 ...
Skepticism enables us to distinguish fancy from fact, to test our speculations. --Carl Sagan
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There is a book, called Four Colours Suffice that gives the history of the problem. It is a layman's book, but the math level varies. Sometimes it is too simplistic. Other times it goes too fast, but in all, I have a better understanding of the proof than I did before I read it.
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But have they proved it for all colours?
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I'm not sure I understand what you mean. It is trivial to prove that 3 or fewer colors is not sufficient. All you need is to show that there is a map where 3 colors aren't enough. Here is a simple counterexample: Start with a thick circle with a hole in the center. Section the circle into 3 parts, each of which must be a different color. The hole in the center must also be different from the first 3 colors used on the circle, which proves that 3 colors are too few. For 5 colors, take a 4 color map and arbitrarily change one of the areas to a color that isn't anywhere else on the map. For 6 colors, take the above mentioned 5 color map and change one area to a color that isn't yet used. Do this for as many colors as you have in your crayon box.Originally Posted by worzel
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I know what he means. **bap** now, say you're sorry
It has long been known that a map on a torus requires seven colors, and seven always suffices. To see that seven is necessary, take a torus, and divide it into bands of seven different regions encircling the torus through its hole. Now, cut a line around the top of the "donut" and slide the outside parts along the line 2 1/2 regions. All seven regions will share a boundary with all six other regions.
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What I acutally meant was although it is true for the traditional colours used on a political map, has it also been proven for, say, 4 slightly different shades of pink.
Sorry.
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It doesn't matter which colors you use, as long as they are all different. So, yes, it would work for 4 different shades of pink because they are all different. It would also work for four shades of blue, green, maybe two of red and two of grey, etc.
Basically, when you have four countries that all touch each other, one of those contries has to be completely surrounded. Notice in jfribrg's diagram, the brown country is completely surrounded. Go ahead and try it yourself on a piece of paper.
There is, however, an unstated premise: All the countries have to be in one piece. For example, the United States is not in one piece because of Alaska. There are two large "pieces" of the U.S. (and various islands)... If you tried this on the actual map of the Earth, you might not find the 4 color theorem is true (then again, it might be. I've never tried it).
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Ok, thanks for the clarification
I think you would find that the 4 color theorem is true irrespective of the potential problem you raise, it just isn't the same thing you're describing.There is, however, an unstated premise: All the countries have to be in one piece. For example, the United States is not in one piece because of Alaska. There are two large "pieces" of the U.S. (and various islands)... If you tried this on the actual map of the Earth, you might not find the 4 color theorem is true (then again, it might be. I've never tried it).
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LOL. Yep. Just take any map of any set of N countries and put an "embassy" for each one, in each one. Then, you need N colors.
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Exactly.
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Basically that is the key, but proving it is the problem.
Actually, this is stated explicitly in the formal definition of the problem.
Hawaii also, but the problem is limited to contiguous areas on a flat (two dimensional) surface that share a border. IIRC, for these purposes, Michigan is a problem too.
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Actually, this is stated explicitly in the formal definition of the problem.
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Are there any practical applications for the four colour theorem or is it just one of those "neat things" to know like Fermat's Last Theorem and Relativity (Ha! Kidding!)
Pete
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Maybe it's why there are CMYK printers - but that would suggest that there is a three colour theorem waiting to be proved.
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4 Colours
It is obviously useful for (game)mapmakers.
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I spent an entire summer as a kid trying to draw maps that would disprove the theorem. It wasn't a complete waste of time, because it did get me started down the path of scientific inquiry.
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I was so naive when I first saw the problem that I figured that as it was obvious, I would be able to come up with a simple proof and dazzle the world
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My Uncle thought he had a proof of Fermat's Last theorem, less than a page. Even I found his mistake quickly.
He also had a "proof" that an angle can be trisected. I couldn't follow what he was doing, as it was purely geometrical, which I'm not familiar with
Well, gotta go!
Pete
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I guess the problem would be not that Michigan comes in two pieces (they're easy enough to connect, at least on the map), but that neither Michigan and Illinois nor Indiana and Wisconsin share a border...
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Maybe it was the same proof Fermat had
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And we try to keep as much water as possible between us and Canada. (Here being Michigan) If the water is blue, does that count as a color?
I'm with Worzel here.
And what if the colors run?
Who among us before they were old enough to know how smart they weren't didn't figure, "Oh, I can beat that, lemme at it..."?
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Was just there a couple of weeks ago, didn't look like a particularly long bridge
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Here's a way to trisect an angle.
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From page 101 of the book "Elements of Abstract Algebra", which provides an interesting use of field theory to provide straightedge-and-compass proofs, this trisection is addressed.Here's a way to trisect an angle.
First let us show how angles may be trisected easily if we allow and incorrect usage of the straightedge. (Apparently this practical construction was known to ancient geometers.)
As with other math problems, the "rules" are clearly defined. From the same book, here are the rules:
Step 3 in the link from the previous post is the illegal operation. The result is also that you get an angle that is 1/3 of the original, but the angles are in different places. When you bisect an angle using "legal" operations, you split the original angle in half, but here you generate an angle elsewhere, which is a different issue.(1)the points (0,0) and (1,0) are constructible. Any two points of the plane may be chosen for (0,0) and (1,0) and the distance between them taken as the unit length.
(2) A circle with a constructible point as center and a constructible length as radius is constructible. A constructible length is the distance between two constructible points.
(3) The intersection of two constructible lines is a constructible point.
(4) The points (or point) of intersection of a constructible line and a constructible circle are constructible
(5) The points (or point) of intersection of two constructible circles are constructible
The book then provides a single counterexample. First, the constructible points and operations are restated in terms of complex numbers, and a proof is given that these operations and points form a field. It then shows using field theory that it is impossible to trisect a 60 degree angle.
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You could use the compass to measure the chord and then mark that off from E or F.
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Step 2 is also "illegal".
However, I use the straightedge legally, throughout.No, it's not. As worzel points out, you can use that angle to easily construct a copy anywhere else, including between the original angle.The result is also that you get an angle that is 1/3 of the original, but the angles are in different places. When you bisect an angle using "legal" operations, you split the original angle in half, but here you generate an angle elsewhere, which is a different issue.
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Montebianco - which bridge? Try walking that Mackinac bridge, she is longer than she looks. Every so often a car or truck blows over on it. We have our ways...
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Two questions.
The first to jfribrg or anyone else who knows the answer. What purpose are those 5 rules of geometric construction supposed to serve given that they appear not to define what can actually be done, geometrically, with a straight edge and compass?
The second to hhEb09'1. Did you come up with that trisection yourself?
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The neusis or verging "cheat" trisections have been known for over two thousand years. That particular one is my modification of Archimedes's--which, according to The Book of Numbers by Conway and Guy, uses a marked ruler--which is an incorrect use of a ruler, as jfribrg's link says. Apparently, a lot of people know about the incorrect use of rulers, so I changed it to an incorrect use of a compass instead.
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